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How Many Species Of Animals Have Existed Since Beginning Of Time

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Current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life

This article is well-nigh the evolution of all life on Earth. For more than detailed and comprehensive coverage, see evolutionary history of life.

The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the electric current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth. Dates in this article are consensus estimates based on scientific evidence, mainly fossils.

In biology, development is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organization, from kingdoms to species, and individual organisms and molecules, such as Dna and proteins. The similarities between all present twenty-four hours organisms imply a common ancestor from which all known species, living and extinct, accept diverged. More than 99 percentage of all species that ever lived (over 5 billion)[1] are estimated to be extinct.[2] [three] Estimates on the number of Earth'southward electric current species range from x million to 14 meg,[4] with nearly 1.2 million or 14% documented, the rest not yet described.[5] However, a 2016 study estimates an boosted 1 trillion microbial species, with only 0.001% described.[6]

There has been controversy between more traditional views of steadily increasing biodiversity, and a newer view of cycles of annihilation and diversification, and then that certain past times, such equally the Cambrian explosion, experienced maximums of diversity followed past sharp winnowing.[7] [8]

Extinction [edit]

Visual representation of the history of life on Globe as a spiral

Species go extinct constantly every bit environments alter, as organisms compete for environmental niches, and as genetic mutation leads to the rise of new species from older ones. At long irregular intervals, Earth's biosphere suffers a catastrophic die-off, a mass extinction,[nine] often comprising an aggregating of smaller extinction events over a relatively brief period.[x]

The first known mass extinction was the Swell Oxidation Event 2.iv billion years ago, which killed almost of the planet'due south obligate anaerobes. Researchers have identified five other major extinction events in World's history, with estimated losses below:[xi]

  • Cease Ordovician: 440 meg years ago, 86% of all species lost, including graptolites
  • Late Devonian: 375 million years ago, 75% of species lost, including almost trilobites
  • End Permian, The Bang-up Dying: 251 million years ago, 96% of species lost, including tabulate corals, and about trees and synapsids
  • End Triassic: 200 million years agone, 80% of species lost, including all conodonts
  • End Cretaceous: 66 million years ago, 76% of species lost, including all ammonites, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs, and nonavian dinosaurs

Smaller extinction events accept occurred in the periods between, with some dividing geologic time periods and epochs. The Holocene extinction upshot is currently under fashion.[12]

Factors in mass extinctions include continental drift, changes in atmospheric and marine chemistry, volcanism and other aspects of mountain formation, changes in glaciation, changes in sea level, and impact events.[10]

Detailed timeline [edit]

In this timeline, Ma (for megaannum) means "one thousand thousand years ago," ka (for kiloannum) means "yard years ago," and ya ways "years agone."

Hadean Eon [edit]

4600 Ma – 4000 Ma

Appointment Result
4600 Ma Planet Earth forms from the accretion disc revolving around the young Sunday, perhaps preceded by formation of organic compounds necessary for life in the surrounding protoplanetary deejay of cosmic dust.[thirteen]
4500 Ma According to the behemothic impact hypothesis, the Moon originated when Earth and the hypothesized planet Theia collided, sending into orbit myriad moonlets which eventually coalesced into our single Moon.[xiv] The Moon'due south gravitational pull stabilised Earth's fluctuating axis of rotation, setting up regular climatic conditions favoring abiogenesis.[15]
4400 Ma First liquid water on Earth.
4374 Ma Oldest known zircon crystals.
4280 Ma Primeval possible appearance of life on Earth.[16] [17] [xviii] [19]

Archean Eon [edit]

4000 Ma – 2500 Ma

Engagement Effect
4000 Ma Germination of a greenstone belt of the Acasta Gneiss of the Slave craton in northwest Canada - the oldest known rock belt.[20]
4100–3800 Ma Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB): extended avalanche by meteoroids impacting the inner planets. Thermal flux from widespread hydrothermal activity during the LHB may have aided abiogenesis and life'southward early diversification.[21] Possible remains of biotic life were plant in 4.1 billion-twelvemonth-one-time rocks in Western Australia.[22] [23] Probable origin of life.
3900–2500 Ma Cells resembling prokaryotes appear.[24] These first organisms are believed[ by whom? ] to have been chemoautotrophs, using carbon dioxide as a carbon source and oxidizing inorganic materials to excerpt energy.
3800 Ma Formation of a greenstone belt of the Isua complex in western Greenland, whose isotope frequencies propose the presence of life.[20] The earliest evidence for life on Earth includes: 3.8 billion-year-quondam biogenic hematite in a banded iron germination of the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt in Canada;[25] graphite in 3.seven billion-yr-old metasedimentary rocks in western Greenland;[26] and microbial mat fossils in 3.48 billion-twelvemonth-old sandstone in Western Australia.[27] [28]
3500 Ma Last universal common ancestor (LUCA):[29] [xxx] split between bacteria and archaea.[31]

Bacteria develop archaic photosynthesis, which at kickoff did not produce oxygen.[32] These organisms exploiting a proton gradient to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a mechanism used past virtually all subsequent organisms.[33] [34] [35]

3000 Ma Photosynthesizing cyanobacteria using water as a reducing agent and producing oxygen as a waste product product.[36] Free oxygen initially oxidizes dissolved iron in the oceans, creating fe ore. Oxygen concentration in the temper slowly rises, poisoning many bacteria and eventually triggering the Great Oxygenation Event.
2800 Ma Oldest bear witness for microbial life on land in the form of organic thing-rich paleosols, imperceptible ponds and alluvial sequences, some bearing microfossils.[37]

Proterozoic Eon [edit]

2500 Ma – 539 Ma. Contains the Palaeoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic eras.

Date Upshot
2500 Ma Swell Oxidation Event led by cyanobacteria's oxygenic photosynthesis.[36] Commencement of plate tectonics with old marine crust dense plenty to subduct.[xx]
By 1850 Ma Eukaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles with diverse functions, probably derived from prokaryotes engulfing each other via phagocytosis. (See Symbiogenesis and Endosymbiont). Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) emerge before or soon afterward the divergence of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic lineages.[38] Red beds show an oxidising atmosphere, favouring the spread of eukaryotic life.[39] [40] [41]
1300 Ma Primeval land fungi[42]
By 1200 Ma Meiosis and sexual reproduction in unmarried-celled eukaryotes, possibly even in the mutual ancestor of all eukaryotes[43] or in the RNA world.[44] Sexual reproduction may accept increased the rate of evolution.[45]
k Ma First non-marine eukaryotes motility onto country. They were photosynthetic and multicellular, indicating that plants evolved much before than originally thought.[46]
750 Ma First protozoa (ex: Melanocyrillium); commencement of brute development[47] [48]
720–630 Ma Possible global glaciation[49] [50] due to evolution of the kickoff land plants, which increased the atmospheric oxygen and decreased carbon dioxide.[51] Opinion is divided on whether it increased or decreased biodiversity or the rate of evolution.[52] [53] [54]
600 Ma Accumulation of atmospheric oxygen allows the germination of an ozone layer.[55] Previous state-based life would probably have required other chemicals to attenuate ultraviolet radiation.[37]
580–542 Ma Ediacara biota, the kickoff big, complex aquatic multicellular organisms.[56]
580–500 Ma Cambrian explosion: most modern beast phyla appear.[57] [58]
550 Ma Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and ocean anemones), Ikaria wariootia (an early Bilaterian).

Phanerozoic Eon [edit]

Emergence of animals and plants

539 Ma – present

The Phanerozoic Eon (Greek: catamenia of well-displayed life) marks the appearance in the fossil record of abundant, vanquish-forming and/or trace-making organisms. It is subdivided into 3 eras, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, with major mass extinctions at sectionalization points.

Palaeozoic Era [edit]

538.8 Ma – 251.9 Ma and contains the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian periods.

Ferns first appear in the fossil tape well-nigh 360 million years agone in the belatedly Devonian period.[61]

Date Event
535 Ma Major diversification of living things in the oceans: arthropods (e.g. trilobites, crustaceans), chordates, echinoderms, molluscs, brachiopods, foraminifers and radiolarians, etc.
530 Ma The first known footprints on land date to 530 Ma.[62]
525 Ma Earliest graptolites
511 Ma Primeval crustaceans
510 Ma First cephalopods (nautiloids) and chitons
505 Ma Fossilization of the Burgess Shale
500 Ma Jellyfish have existed since at least this time.
485 Ma Outset vertebrates with truthful bones (jawless fishes)
450 Ma First complete conodonts and echinoids appear
440 Ma First agnathan fishes: Heterostraci, Galeaspida, and Pituriaspida
420 Ma Earliest ray-finned fishes, trigonotarbid arachnids, and land scorpions[63]
410 Ma First signs of teeth in fish. Primeval Nautilida, lycophytes, and trimerophytes.
395 Ma Get-go lichens, stoneworts. Primeval harvestmen, mites, hexapods (springtails) and ammonoids. The first known tetrapod tracks on land.
365 Ma Acanthostega is one of the earliest vertebrates capable of walking.
363 Ma By the start of the Carboniferous Catamenia, the Earth begins to resemble its present country. Insects roamed the land and would soon have to the skies; sharks swam the oceans as top predators,[64] and vegetation covered the land, with seed-bearing plants and forests soon to flourish.

Four-limbed tetrapods gradually proceeds adaptations which will aid them occupy a terrestrial life-habit.

360 Ma First crabs and ferns. Land flora dominated by seed ferns. The Xinhang forest grows around this time[65]
350 Ma First big sharks, ratfishes, and hagfish; first crown tetrapods (with v digits and no fins and scales)
340 Ma Diversification of amphibians
330-320 Ma First amniote vertebrates (Paleothyris)
320 Ma Synapsids (precursors to mammals) divide from sauropsids (reptiles) in late Carboniferous.[66]
305 Ma The Carboniferous Rainforest Plummet occurs, causing a minor extinction event, also every bit paving the manner for amniotes to become dominant over amphibians and seed plants over ferns and lycophytes.

First diapsid reptiles (e.grand. Petrolacosaurus)

280 Ma Earliest beetles, seed plants and conifers diversify while lepidodendrids and sphenopsids decrease. Terrestrial temnospondyl amphibians and pelycosaurs (due east.k. Dimetrodon) diversify in species.
275 Ma Therapsid synapsids dissever from pelycosaur synapsids
270 Ma Gorgonopsians appear in the fossil record
251.9-251.4 Ma The Permian–Triassic extinction result eliminates over ninety-95% of marine species. Terrestrial organisms were not as seriously affected equally the marine biota. This "clearing of the slate" may have led to an ensuing diversification, but life on country took 30 one thousand thousand years to completely recover.[67]

Mesozoic Era [edit]

From 251.9 Ma to 66 Ma and containing the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

Date Event
250 Ma Mesozoic Marine Revolution begins: increasingly well adapted and diverse predators stress sessile marine groups; the "balance of power" in the oceans shifts dramatically as some groups of casualty adjust more rapidly and finer than others.
250 Ma Triadobatrachus massinoti is the earliest known frog
248 Ma Sturgeon and paddlefish (Acipenseridae) start appear.
245 Ma Primeval ichthyosaurs
240 Ma Increase in diversity of cynodonts and rhynchosaurs
225 Ma Primeval dinosaurs (prosauropods), kickoff cardiid bivalves, diversity in cycads, bennettitaleans, and conifers. Kickoff teleost fishes. Kickoff mammals (Adelobasileus).
220 Ma Seed-producing Gymnosperm forests boss the land; herbivores grow to huge sizes to accommodate the big guts necessary to digest the nutrient-poor plants.[ citation needed ] Starting time flies and turtles (Odontochelys). First coelophysoid dinosaurs. Offset mammals from small-scale-sized cynodonts, which transitioned towards a nocturnal, insectivorous, and endothermic lifestyle.
205

Ma

Massive Triassic/Jurassic extinction. Information technology wipes out all pseudosuchians except crocodylomorphs, who transitioned to an aquatic habitat, while dinosaurs took over the state and pterosaurs filled the air.
200 Ma Starting time accustomed evidence for viruses infecting eukaryotic cells (the group Geminiviridae).[68] Still, viruses are still poorly understood and may have arisen before "life" itself, or may be a more recent miracle.

Major extinctions in terrestrial vertebrates and large amphibians. Earliest examples of armoured dinosaurs.

195 Ma First pterosaurs with specialized feeding (Dorygnathus). First sauropod dinosaurs. Diversification in pocket-sized, ornithischian dinosaurs: heterodontosaurids, fabrosaurids, and scelidosaurids.
190 Ma Pliosauroids appear in the fossil tape. First lepidopteran insects (Archaeolepis), hermit venereal, modern starfish, irregular echinoids, corbulid bivalves, and tubulipore bryozoans. Extensive development of sponge reefs.
176 Ma Beginning Stegosaurian dinosaurs
170 Ma Primeval salamanders, newts, cryptoclidids, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, and cladotherian mammals. Sauropod dinosaurs diversify.
165 Ma Get-go rays and glycymeridid bivalves. Get-go vampire squids.[69]
163 Ma Pterodactyloid pterosaurs first appear.[70]
161 Ma Ceratopsian dinosaurs appear in the fossil record (Yinlong) and the oldest known eutherian mammal: Juramaia.
160 Ma Multituberculate mammals (genus Rugosodon) appear in eastern China.
155 Ma First blood-sucking insects (ceratopogonids), rudist bivalves, and cheilostome bryozoans. Archaeopteryx, a possible ancestor to the birds, appears in the fossil record, along with triconodontid and symmetrodont mammals. Diversity in stegosaurian and theropod dinosaurs.
153 Ma First pine trees
140 Ma Orb-weaver spiders appear
135 Ma Rising of the angiosperms. Some of these flowering plants acquit structures that attract insects and other animals to spread pollen; other angiosperms are pollinated by wind or water. This innovation causes a major burst of animate being coevolution. First freshwater pelomedusid turtles. Earliest krill.
120 Ma Oldest fossils of heterokonts, including both marine diatoms and silicoflagellates
115 Ma First monotreme mammals
112 Ma Xiphactinus, a large predatory fish, appears in the fossil record
110 Ma First hesperornithes, toothed diving birds. Earliest limopsid, verticordiid, and thyasirid bivalves.
106 Ma Spinosaurus, the largest theropod dinosaur, appears in the fossil record
100 Ma Primeval bees
95 Ma Start crocodilians evolve
90 Ma Extinction of ichthyosaurs. Earliest snakes and nuculanid bivalves. Large diversification in angiosperms: magnoliids, rosids, hamamelidids, monocots, and ginger. Primeval examples of ticks. Probable origins of placental mammals (primeval undisputed fossil testify is 66 Ma).
80 Ma First ants
lxx Ma Multituberculate mammals increase in diversity. First yoldiid bivalves.
68 Ma Tyrannosaurus, the largest terrestrial predator of western North America, appears in the fossil record. First species of Triceratops.

Cenozoic Era [edit]

66 Ma – present

Date Event
66 Ma The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction issue eradicates about one-half of all creature species, including mosasaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, belemnites, rudist and inoceramid bivalves, well-nigh planktic foraminifers, and all of the dinosaurs excluding the birds.[71]
66 Ma- Rapid authorisation of conifers and ginkgos in high latitudes, along with mammals becoming the dominant species. First psammobiid bivalves. Earliest rodents. Rapid diversification in ants.
63 Ma Evolution of the creodonts, an important group of meat-eating (cannibal) mammals
62 Ma Evolution of the first penguins
60 Ma Diversification of large, flightless birds. Earliest truthful primates,[ who? ] along with the first semelid bivalves, edentate, carnivoran and lipotyphlan mammals, and owls. The ancestors of the carnivorous mammals (miacids) were alive.[ commendation needed ]
59 Ma Earliest sailfish appear
56 Ma Gastornis, a large flightless bird, appears in the fossil tape
55 Ma Mod bird groups diversify (beginning song birds, parrots, loons, swifts, woodpeckers), showtime whale (Himalayacetus), earliest lagomorphs, armadillos, appearance of sirenian, proboscidean, perissodactyl and artiodactyl mammals in the fossil record. Angiosperms diversify. The ancestor (according to theory) of the species in the genus Carcharodon, the early mako shark Isurus hastalis, is alive.
52 Ma Get-go bats appear (Onychonycteris)
50 Ma Summit multifariousness of dinoflagellates and nannofossils, increase in diverseness of anomalodesmatan and heteroconch bivalves, brontotheres, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and camels appear in the fossil record, diversification of primates
40 Ma Mod-blazon butterflies and moths announced. Extinction of Gastornis. Basilosaurus, one of the first of the giant whales, appeared in the fossil record.
38 Ma Earliest bears
37 Ma Beginning nimravid ("faux saber-toothed cats") carnivores — these species are unrelated to modern-blazon felines. Commencement alligators
35 Ma Grasses diversify from amidst the monocot angiosperms; grasslands begin to expand. Slight increase in diversity of cold-tolerant ostracods and foraminifers, along with major extinctions of gastropods, reptiles, amphibians, and multituberculate mammals. Many mod mammal groups begin to appear: showtime glyptodonts, basis sloths, canids, peccaries, and the first eagles and hawks. Variety in toothed and baleen whales.
33 Ma Development of the thylacinid marsupials (Badjcinus)
30 Ma First balanids and eucalypts, extinction of embrithopod and brontothere mammals, primeval pigs and cats
28 Ma Paraceratherium appears in the fossil record, the largest terrestrial mammal that ever lived. First pelicans.
25 Ma Pelagornis sandersi appears in the fossil record, the largest flying bird that e'er lived
25 Ma Start deer
24 Ma Beginning pinnipeds
23 Ma Earliest ostriches, trees representative of well-nigh major groups of oaks have appeared by now[72]
20 Ma Outset giraffes, hyenas, and giant anteaters, increase in bird multifariousness
17 Ma Starting time birds of the genus Corvus (crows)
15 Ma Genus Mammut appears in the fossil record, start bovids and kangaroos, diversity in Australian megafauna
x Ma Grasslands and savannas are established, variety in insects, peculiarly ants and termites, horses increment in body size and develop loftier-crowned teeth, major diversification in grassland mammals and snakes
ix.5 Ma[ dubious – hash out ] Great American Interchange, where various land and freshwater faunas migrated between North and Due south America. Armadillos, opossums, hummingbirds Phorusrhacids, Ground Sloths, Glyptodonts, and Meridiungulates traveled to North America, while horses, tapirs, saber-toothed cats, Jaguars, Bears, Coaties, Ferrets, Otters, Skunks and deer entered S America.
9 Ma First platypuses
half dozen.v Ma First hominins (Sahelanthropus)
vi Ma Australopithecines diversify (Orrorin, Ardipithecus)
v Ma First tree sloths and hippopotami, diversification of grazing herbivores similar zebras and elephants, big carnivorous mammals similar lions and the genus Canis, burrowing rodents, kangaroos, birds, and modest carnivores, vultures increase in size, decrease in the number of perissodactyl mammals. Extinction of nimravid carnivores. First leopard seals.
4.eight Ma Mammoths appear in the fossil record
4.5 Ma Marine iguanas diverge from land iguanas
four Ma Australopithecus evolves. Stupendemys appears in the fossil tape as the largest freshwater turtle, kickoff modernistic elephants, giraffes, zebras, lions, rhinoceros and gazelles appear in the fossil tape
3.six Ma Bluish whales grow to modern size
iii Ma Earliest swordfish
2.7 Ma Paranthropus evolves
2.5 Ma Earliest species of Smilodon evolve
2 Ma First members of genus Homo, Homo Habilis, appear in the fossil record. Diversification of conifers in high latitudes. The eventual ancestor of cattle, aurochs (Bos primigenus), evolves in Bharat.
one.7 Ma Australopithecines go extinct
i.2 Ma Development of Homo antecessor. The final members of Paranthropus die out.
1 Ma First coyotes
800 Ka Short-faced bears (Arctodus simus) become abundant in North America
600 ka Evolution of Homo heidelbergensis
400 ka First polar bears
350 ka Evolution of Neanderthals
300 ka Gigantopithecus, a giant relative of the orangutan from Asia dies out
250 ka Anatomically modernistic humans announced in Africa.[73] [74] [75] Around 50 ka they start colonising the other continents, replacing Neanderthals in Europe and other hominins in Asia.
twoscore ka Concluding giant monitor lizards (Varanus priscus) die out
30 ka Extinction of Neanderthals. Beginning domestic dogs
15 ka Concluding woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) are believed to have gone extinct
11 ka Short-faced bears vanish from North America, with the last giant footing sloths dying out. All Equidae become extinct in N America.
ten ka Holocene epoch starts[76] after the Last Glacial Maximum. Last mainland species of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenus) die out, as does the concluding Smilodon species.
8 ka The Giant Lemur dies out
Historical extinctions [edit]

Date Event
6000 ya (c. 4000 BC) Last populations of American mastodon die off in places like Utah and Michigan.
4500 ya (c. 2500 BC) Last dwarf woolly mammoths vanish from Wrangel Island near Alaska.
c. 600 ya (c. 1400) The moa and its predator, Haast's eagle, die out in New Zealand.
395 ya (1627) Terminal recorded wild aurochs die out.
334 ya (1688) Dullard goes extinct.
254 ya (1768) Steller's bounding main moo-cow goes extinct.
139 ya (1883) Quagga zebra goes extinct.
117 ya (1905) Wolves become extinct in Nippon.
108 ya (1914) Martha, the last known rider pigeon, dies.
86 ya (1936) Thylacine goes extinct in a Tasmanian zoo, the final member of the family Thylacinidae.
85 ya (1937) Last Bali tiger is shot.
70 ya (1952) The Caribbean area monk seal goes extinct.[79]
fourteen ya (2008) Baiji, the Yangtze river dolphin, becomes functionally extinct on IUCN Red List.[80]
xi ya (2011) Western black rhinoceros declared extinct.

See also [edit]

  • Development of fungi
  • Evolutionary history of plants (timeline)
  • Geologic fourth dimension scale
  • History of the Earth
  • Natural history
  • Sociocultural evolution
  • Timeline of human evolution
  • Timeline of natural history

References [edit]

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Bibliography [edit]

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  • Kirschvink, Joseph L. (1992). "Belatedly Proterozoic Low-Latitude Global Glaciation: the Snowball Globe" (PDF). In Schopf, J. William; Klein, Cornelis (eds.). The Proterozoic Biosphere: A Multidisciplinary Study. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-36615-one. LCCN 91015085. OCLC 23583672.
  • McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How practice rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, William E.; Gaston, Kevin J. (eds.). The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences (1st ed.). London; New York: Chapman & Hall. ISBN978-0-412-63380-5. LCCN 96071014. OCLC 36442106.
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Farther reading [edit]

  • Dawkins, Richard (2004). The Ancestor'southward Tale: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN978-0-618-00583-3. LCCN 2004059864. OCLC 56617123.

External links [edit]

  • "Understanding Evolution: your 1-stop resource for information on development". University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved 2015-03-eighteen .
  • "Life on Earth". Tree of Life Spider web Project. University of Arizona. January 1, 1997. Retrieved 2015-03-18 . Explore consummate phylogenetic tree interactively
  • Brandt, Niel. "Evolutionary and Geological Timelines". TalkOrigins Archive. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-18 .
  • "Palaeos: Life Through Deep Time". Palaeos . Retrieved 2015-03-18 .
  • Kyrk, John. "Development" (SWF). Cell Biology Animation . Retrieved 2015-03-18 . Interactive timeline from Big Bang to present
  • "Plant Evolution". Found and Animal Evolution. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-18 . Sequence of Plant Evolution
  • "The History of Creature Evolution". Plant and Fauna Development. University of Waikato. Retrieved 2015-03-xviii . Sequence of Animate being Development
  • Yeo, Dannel; Drage, Thomas (2006). "History of Life on Earth". Archived from the original on 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2015-03-19 .
  • Exploring Time. The Science Channel. 2007. Retrieved 2015-03-19 .
  • Roberts, Ben. "Found development timeline". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 2015-03-13. Retrieved 2015-03-19 .
  • Art of the Nature Timelines on Wikipedia

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life

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